Objective 2: Minimize the adverse drivers and structural factors that compel people to leave their country of origin

In Morocco, national consultations were held in September 2017 with civil society and diaspora representivatives, scholars and researchers, represensatives of the private sector and public institutions. These national consultations have enabled Morocco to come with a consolidated contribution to the Global Compact, the "Recommendations of the Kingdom of Morocco on the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration."

Sri Lanka is one of the South Asian countries which is negatively affected by the climate change. This includes natural disasters such as flood, earth slips, cyclones and droughts etc. These unexpected and unforeseen disasters not only dislocate the people from their dwellings but also make a significant negative impact on their livelihood.

The Republic of Mauritius (ROM) is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change and climate variability. According to the World Risk Report 2016, Mauritius is ranked 13th among countries with highest disaster risk and ranked 7th as most exposed to natural hazards (UNU& EHS, 20 16). Mauritius has developed a Climate Change Action Plan for addressing these threats. One important national consequence of exposure to disaster and environmental degradation is the impact on the migration of people.

Lebanon is immensely affected due to climate change and labour mobility in the Middle East region. The Syrian conflict resulted in mass influx of around 2 million Syrian refugees into Lebanon, causing huge pressure on the economic and social assets of Lebanon, and provoking severe disruptions in the electricity, agriculture and water systems since March 2011. The conflict inflicted also a heavy blow to the country's agriculture sector. 

The report - The State of the Jamaican Climate 2012 - suggests that Jamaica’s climate is changing and that the country will experience significant climatic changes that could have a negative impact on various sectors.  Data collected for the island for 1992 to 2010 show a warming trend for the country of about 0.1 degrees Celsius per decade.

Agriculture, since time immemorial, has been the back-bone of Ghana's economy. However, recognized changes in rainfall patterns in Ghana over the years have compelled most farmers in the Northern, Brong-Ahafo and Ashanti regions of Ghana to abandon the farming profession and migrate to cities in search of non-existing jobs. An estimated 70% of Ghana's population depend directly or indirectly on agriculture (fisheries, crop and animal farming etc.). Ghana's capital, Accra, and the Asante regional capital, Kumasi, have been the most hit by these large movement of persons. 

Climate change has always been one among several push factors for internal displacement and cross-border migration in Eritrea and in the other countries in the East and Horn of Arica region. The Eritrean Government tries to face such a situation -and continues its efforts to reduce Eritrean migration- by working towards bringing a drastic solution to water scarcity problems in the country. The Government’s policy focuses on water and soil conservation in the framework of a Sustainable Integrated Growth that involves all socio-economic sectors.

This country assessment discusses the environment-migration nexus in Madagascar. It analyzes the political, legal and operational frameworks of migration, environment, and climate change, mapping national vulnerability and providing in-depth case studies of two field sites. The final section of the report outlines a series of recommendations for future action based upon the evidence and results collected.

The West Africa Network for the protection of children focuses on ensuring a continuum of services are delivered across the region within and eight-step procedure, ranging from the identification of a vulnerable child and provision of emergency care to their successful social re-integreation.

• Labour migration and mobility 

Bilateral agreements constitute an effective way to regulate migration flows and to foster development, both in the countries of origin and destination.